From:
Subject: Endangered Languages: Revival and Revitalization
Date: Sun, 5 Dec 2010 21:25:14 -0500
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Endangered Languages: Revival and =
Revitalization
Native =
American=20
language index &=
nbsp;=20
Native American =
people =20
index &=
nbsp;=20
What's new on =
our site=20
today!
Native Languages of the Americas: Endangered =
Language=20
Revitalization and Revival
Many American Indian languages are undergoing something =
called=20
"revival" or "revitalization." What exactly, is this?
To understand the terms "revival" and "revitalization," first =
you have=20
to understand the current state of these languages. Linguists have a =
variety of=20
grim-sounding terms for languages with few or no native speakers. A =
language=20
which has no native speakers (people who grew up speaking the language =
as a=20
child) is called "dead" or "extinct." A language which has no native =
speakers in=20
the youngest generation is called "moribund." A language which has very =
few=20
native speakers is called "endangered" or "imperilled." Language =
revival=20
and language revitalization are attempts to preserve endangered =
languages, and=20
that is precisely what our website project is about. Of the 800+ =
Amerindian=20
languages, five hundred are endangered or worse. Most of the others are =
in=20
Central and South America; in North America only Navajo usage is=20
increasing, and even the relatively "healthy" languages like =
Cherokee--spoken by=20
22,000 people--are threatened by low percentages of children learning =
the=20
languages. It is true that in the natural course of things, =
languages,=20
like everything else, sometimes die. People choose, for a variety of =
valid=20
social reasons, not to teach their children their own mother tongue. In =
the case=20
of American Indian languages, however, the language drop-off has been=20
artificially induced and precipitous, and just as with the human-caused=20
endangered species crisis, it is worth doing something about it. =
Amerindian=20
languages were deliberately destroyed, particularly in North America. In =
the=20
earlier days of European contact, Indians were separated from their =
linguistic=20
kin and resettled hundreds of miles away with individuals from other =
tribes who=20
couldn't understand each other. Historically, this is the single most =
effective=20
way to eliminate minority languages (for obvious reasons). Even as =
recently as=20
the 50's, Indian children were being forcibly removed from =
non-English-speaking=20
households and sent to boarding schools to be "socialized." They were =
routinely=20
punished there for speaking their languages, and Indian-speaking parents =
began=20
hiding their languages in hopes of keeping their children in their =
houses or at=20
least making school life easier for them. The percentage of Cherokee =
children=20
being raised bilingually fell from 75% to 5% during the US=20
boarding-school-policy days. Other languages, with smaller userbases and =
no=20
literary tradition like Cherokee's to buoy them, have died entirely. =
This was=20
not a natural death. Existing linguistic communities do not normally =
lose their=20
languages after losing a war, even after being conquered and colonized, =
the way=20
immigrant groups do. The usual pattern is bilingualism, which may be =
stably=20
maintained indefinitely (most West Africans have been raised bilingually =
ever=20
since colonization there; so have many South American natives, where the =
linguistically destructive policies used by the US and Canada were never =
implemented. In Paraguay, for example, more than 90% of the population =
is=20
bilingual in Spanish and Guarani, and has been for =
centuries.) Now that=20
the Amerindian languages of North America are in the precarious =
situation they=20
are, though, simply leaving them alone will not cause their extinction =
trends to=20
end. Once the majority of the young people in a community don't =
understand a=20
language anymore, its usage declines rapidly. This is where language =
revival and=20
language revitalization come in. Language revival is the =
resurrection of=20
a "dead" language, one with no existing native speakers. Language=20
revitalization is the rescue of a "dying" language. There has =
only been=20
one successful instance to date of a complete language revival, creating =
a new=20
generation of native speakers without even one living native speaker to =
help.=20
(That instance was the reincarnation of Hebrew in modern Israel, and =
there were=20
many extenuating circumstances associated with it.) However, there have =
been=20
successful partial revivals--where a no-longer-spoken language has been =
revived=20
as a second language sufficiently for religious, cultural, and literary=20
purposes. There have also been successful language revitalizations, =
where=20
languages in decline have recovered. It may sound silly and New Agey to =
say that=20
the prestige of a language and the self-esteem of its speakers plays a =
pivotal=20
role in revitalization, but it has been proven again and again. Navajo, =
for=20
instance, was in steep decline until the 40's, when the language, once =
deemed=20
worthless, was used by the Navajo Code =
Talkers to=20
stymie the Germans and Japanese in World War II. With Navajo's validity =
as a=20
real, complex, and useful language suddenly nationally acknowledged, its =
usage=20
shot up, and today this language, once on the brink of extinction, is in =
good=20
health. By inspiring the younger generations to take an interest =
and=20
pride in their ancestral languages, and by providing the means for them =
to learn=20
it (something we hope this website can help contribute towards,) it =
is =20
possible to reverse downward linguistic trends. The true revival of a =
"dead"=20
language is something I am more reluctant to raise hopes about, but to =
revive=20
such a language enough for children to have access to traditional =
literature, to=20
use it for cultural and religious purposes, even to speak it as a second =
language in limited fashion? Certainly! Kids can learn Klingon or =
Tolkien's=20
Elvish if it suits them, and they can just as easily learn Miami or =
Siuslaw.=20
Latin, the most famously "dead" language of all, is learned by millions =
of=20
schoolchildren well enough that they can read Virgil (or snigger over =
Catullus),=20
and is used liturgically by Catholics worldwide. It may be true that =
once a=20
language is dead it is dead forever, but some kinds of dead are clearly=20
preferable to others. If the lost languages of the Americas can all be =
as dead=20
as Latin, then, well, as we say in my own successfully revived ancestral =
language: dayenu , that would be enough. Laura=20
Redish. March, 2001=20
Back to the =
index of=20
Native =
American Indian=20
tribes Language of the day: Cree American Indian =
Art American Indian=20
Genealogy Tribal Tattoo =
Art =20
Would you like to help support our =
organization's work=20
with endangered American Indian languages? =20
Native Languages of the Americas website =A9 1998-2007 =
Contacts and FAQ =
page
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